Mandatory HIV Testing Essay Example for Free

Mandatory HIV Testing Essay Imagine Las Vegas disappearing overnight and leaving nothing behind but empty stages and barren casinos, becoming nothing short of a ghost town. If all the people that have died from HIV/AIDS in the United States since the beginning of the epidemic were taken out of one geographical region, Las Vegas could easily be erased. The three most common ways to contract HIV are: unprotected sex with an infected partner, injecting drugs using an unsterilized needle that has been used by someone who is infected or during pregnancy, labor or delivery or breastfeeding where the mother transmitted the virus to her child. If an infected woman, not seeking treatment, becomes pregnant, the chance of her transmitting the infection to her child ranges from 15-45%. An infant, who has not even had the chance to speak, walk, or enjoy life, has such a high risk of contracting a deadly infection because the mother did not consult with her doctor and seek the appropriate treatment during her pregnancy. Did she not seek treatment because she did not know that she was infected, did she know but was too ashamed to relay the information, was she afraid she could not afford treatment? If routine HIV tests were conducted along with all the other blood tests throughout a pregnancy, infections would be indentified, treated with precaution and it would allow doctors to dramatically reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission. With effective interference, the chances would be reduced to below 5%. With this knowledge, HIV screening must be made mandatory for those seeking any form of prenatal care. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1,148,200 people (13 years and older) in the United States are living with HIV; 18% of those people are unaware they are infected. The infection rate has stabilized over the last few years to roughly 50,000 new infections each year—that means that someone in the US is infected with HIV every 9 minutes. HIV and AIDS are not the same. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This strand cannot stand as a virus alone and reproduce; it needs to infect the cells of a living organism. Normally, the immune system fights off unwanted viruses but this particular virus attacks the immune system directly, preventing it from destroying the unwanted virus and repairing damaged cells. AIDS is a condition that is caused by the irreparable immune system. When the immune system is damaged this badly, it is incapable of  fighting off any infection. If left untreated, it takes, on average, ten years for someone to develop AIDS from the date of infection. This average takes in to account a healthy diet and lifestyle—not someone who may be suffering from malnourishment or other unrelated illnesses. Women are more susceptible to being infected with HIV through heterosexual sex and infected needles than men. The number of HIV positive women in the US, of child-bearing years, is still growing at a rapid rate. They account for roughly 23-25% (11,000-12,500) of new infections each year. In a recent study conducted by the CDC, only one in five women between the ages of 18 and 64 report that they have been tested for HIV in the last twelve months. Among those women who are HIV positive, 31% of them were diagnosed in the later stages of HIV, resulting in an AIDS diagnosis within one year. Women who are HIV positive have the possibility of transmitting the virus to their child during labor or post labor, during breast feeding. There are approximately 2000 babies being born with HIV each year and more become infected as a result of breastfeeding. This is by far the smallest group of people infected per year, but this number could be reduced to almost zero, if proper interventions were mandatory. When women think or realize that they are pregnant, they seek out a gynecologist or other medical professional to aid them throughout their pregnancy. They are put through numerous blood tests to ensure they have the appropriate vitamin and glucose levels. They even undergo a STD test that tests for a variety of sexual transmitted diseases, excluding HIV. Some professionals offer the test and try to convince their patient that it is important, but some still refuse. Implementing mandatory HIV tests for pregnant women ensure that more people get tested, educate on the effects of HIV, are able to get treatment, and dramatically reduce the chance of their child contracting the virus. The test should be performed with the routine STD test at the beginning of the pregnancy and then once again before labor, because it can take up to six months for the virus to show up during a screening. The woman would know whether she has contracted HIV and have the ability to discuss the options with the doctor. Treatment should accompany the pregnancy, if needed, at no cost. The treatment for the baby after delivery would also incur no cost. A major, non-political, concern about  mandatory testing is the cost associated with treatment. It does not seem logical, but HIV treatments are extremely expensive. It costs thousands of dollars each year for medications and regular doctor’s visits. For people who have full coverage insurance, the cost for the medication is almost completely covered but they still have to pay the co-pays to visit the doctor. There are also federally funded programs to assist with HIV costs, and though they might regulate which medications patients can take, most doctors would prefer that a patient be taking some sort of medication rather than none at all. And finally, there are other programs such as Medicare and Medicaid that assist those who are HIV positive. Although some states will not grant acceptance in the Medicaid program unless the diagnosis is AIDS, many states will cover the costs with a positive HIV status. All of these options must be presented after the baby is born and doctors should work with their patients to find the best option. Another concern, brought up on the political floor, is that mandatory testing violates the Constitution. If a mother knows the status of her or her child, involuntarily, that violates her right of privacy and subjects her to discrimination; she could lose her job, insurance, face discrimination in society or physical abuse at home (McMillion). Making sure that no infant is involuntarily infected with HIV should be the first priority, of not only health care providers but by mothers themselves. The American Medical Association (AMA) was originally against mandatory testing because there was little a doctor could do to help treat the pregnant mother and unborn child. With new discovery of AZT, the treatment used to reduce the rate of transmission, the AMA has reversed their opinion (Schuyler). The mandatory testing will not allow women to forever remain ignorant about their status. It forces women to face the disease much earlier in their lives and presents them with a choice, a choice that replaces the one that was taken away—let the HIV take its course but help reduce her baby’s chance, seek treatment for her and the baby or do neither of them and take the risk of exposing her child.

The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew :: Lawrence Sons and Lovers Essays

The Children in Sons and Lovers and What Maisie Knew      Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters in Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and the characters in What Maisie Knew each have a special meaning.   They all seem to be interwoven with one another portraying a new cycle in another characters life.   For instance, in What Maisie Knew Mrs. Wix was introduced, in my opinion, at a time when Maisie needed a mother figure. Also, Sir Claude is introduced when she seems to need a father figure.   On the other hand, in Sons and Lovers there are not very many new characters introduced. However, the ones that are introduced seem to want to try and break the bond that Paul and his mother have.  Ã‚   Thus, James and Lawrence seem to be using similar themes with different surroundings and events.   Although the circumstances are different, Henry James and D. H. Lawrence characterize the children as being Impoverished.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James in his novel What Maisie Knew, portrays the main character, Maisie, as being impoverished emotionally.   The emotional poverty that Maisie experiences in her life exist because of her parents extremely vicious hatred for each other.   They use Maisie as a "vessel for bitterness" (13). To Beale and Ida, Maisie was just a tool that they used to hurt the other person.   Eventually, Maisie figured out that they were using her to be the bearer of brutily hateful messages.   Consequently, she learned not to deliver such messages.   This made her parents very angry and they decided that she had "grown incredably dull".   Thus, Maisie realized " They had wanted her not for any good they could do her, but for harm they could, with her unconscious aid, do each other." Unfortunately, Maisie's emotions were of no concern to either parent.   As a result, Maisie seldom experienced any meaningful affection from either of her parents. Furthermore, on the rare occasions when Maisie's mother embraced her it was performed without any affection, or it is so convulsive that it makes her feel as though "she had suddenly been thrust, with a smash of glass, into a jeweller's shop-front..." (112 Lawrence).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, Maisie's father subjects her to emotional neglect by reminding her that everything had " changed on her account, everything ordered to enable him to give himself up

History of Management Theory

Running Head: HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT THEORY History of Management Theory Troy Thompson 5409 Foxglove Drive, Bossier City, LA 71112 318-918-7413 [email  protected] com MSM 500 May 21, 2010 Class Instructor: Dr. David Bouvin Ellis University Introduction People and processes are the main elements under management purview, and it is interesting to learn how managerial philosophy pertaining to these two elements has evolved from the Industrial Revolution throughout the Progression Era and into the modern workplace. The purpose of this paper will focus on Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management, also known as the Taylor System, and Elton Mayo’s Human Relations business models and how they relate to this managerial evolution. Both Taylor and Mayo were iconic masterminds who lit the torch of innovative management for America to progress out from days of uncontrolled process variation and unethical human treatment towards a new beginning of quality management and human respect in the workplace. The primary sources examined are Chapter 1 of Frederick Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management, and The Encylopedia of the History of American Management, Elton Mayo. Both sources will guide this paper in the direction of modern day relevancy. The Taylor System Before the Taylor System, factories during the Industrial Revolution concentrated on meeting the demand agriculture commerce from both home and abroad (Montagna, 1981). The focus was not necessarily on quality or the treatment of human labor (Montagna, 1981). Instead, the environment reflected heavy-and-go forms of process flow combined with poorly supervised labor. With his engineering mind and passion for efficiency, Taylor responded to these inadequacies and began his efforts of applying mathematics and engineering principles to eliminate unnecessary effort in operations. The Taylor System gave birth to the following management practices: Incentive-Driven work performances, Time-Motion Studies, Centralized Management, Task Specialization, and Quality Control (Taylor, 1911). All these adoptions gave rise to a new management school of thought centered around a more productive work place, which Taylor considered to be â€Å"maximum prosperity† (Taylor, 1911). Taylor firmly believed in developing â€Å"captains of industry† rather than waiting on natural-born leaders to come along (Taylor, 1911). He also recognized a need for more involvement from the supervisors in the workplace to help eliminate what he referred to as soldiering, or, laxed employee output. He said, â€Å"The 30 percent to 100 percent increase in wages which the workmen are able to earn beyond what they receive under the old type of management, coupled with the daily intimate shoulder to shoulder contact with the management, entirely removes all cause for soldiering† (Taylor, 1911). As the turn of the twentieth century neared, the progressive landscape begged for more efficient business practices (The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, line 16). This was the optimal time for the principles by which operational capacity could be measured, analyzed, streamlined, and controlled to take hold. This system then became a cornerstone on beset of the Great Depression and followed by future management theorists from then on after. One criticism of Scientific Management is that it demanded top-performance in every worker and near perfect throughput on the production line, developing into a quasi authoritarian-style form of bureaucracy. Workers were afraid to out-produce one another on the basis of peer pressure (Taylor, 1911). Taylor’s system was based on good intention, but just lacked understanding of the human side to the workplace. This left room for the work of Elton Mayo to yield fruition. Elton Mayo (Human Relations) Elton Mayo became famous through the Western Electric Company research project. The initial purpose of the project was to find ways to improve worker productivity. He and his team looked at how lighting, rest breaks, room temperature, etc. ffected worker productivity (Mayo, 2006). Through his research, he found a distinct discovery knows as the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†, which described an increase in output by workers who perceived that they are being watched and studied somehow (Mayo, 2006). Mayo viewed the Hawthorne Effect as a symptom of a bigger issue. He then diverted from his original hypothesis of physical factors to the examination the socio-political factors. What he found was that employees valued acceptance by their peers more than anything else (Mayo, 2006). Also unique about Mayo’s observations was the paradigm-burst that employees were not motivated primarily due to compensation, but were motivated primarily due to job satisfaction; this, of course, was a stark difference in Taylor’s theory that men were motivated best when they were given wages that were commensurate with their skill level. In support of Mayoism, as his principles later became known for, I applaud his principles of human relations that captured the essence of the Progressive Era in that they advanced employee respect in the workplace. Due to his influence, business leaders began to ask the question, what can be done to make our employees happier? New policies were adopted such as exit interviews, participative problem solving, and most novel of all – human relations (Mayo, 2006). Conclusion The essence of Taylor and Mayo’s legacies are of human ingenuity applied to enhance work settings, in terms of both people and processes. The best form of both elements can be seen in today’s business strategy of continuous process improvement, which is a group effort to optimize key processes in an organization. From Six Sigma, to Gantt Charts, to Brainstorming, to Exit Interviews, it is hard to imagine a work setting without the production techniques these two management gurus inspired. For example, the Air Force has embraced a culture of innovation called Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century (AFSO21). Through AFSO21, Airmen are encouraged to look at the way they do business and think of ways to make their areas more efficient, more safe, energy-saving, and effective. Many Fortune 500 companies have also incorporated continuous process improvement into their business mantra as a result of business management education guided by the wisdom of Taylor and Mayo. References American Society of Quality. < http://www. asq. org/learn-about-quality/history-of-quality/overview/industrial-revolution. html> Mayo, G. (2006). In Encyclopedia of the History of American Management. Montagna, J. (1981). The Industrial Revolution. Taylor, F. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper Bros. , 1911: 5- 29. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. â€Å"The Progressive Era. † Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt, ed. by Allida Black, June Hopkins, et. al. (Hyde Park, New York: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, 2003).

An Impact Of Net Neutrality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2306 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Net Neutrality Essay Did you like this example? Net Neutrality is a huge issue in public administration today. The internet has become an integral part of the present culture and economy. Worldwide, the internet gives everyone a similar chance, regardless of whether you are million dollar organization or somebody beginning a business from scratch. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Impact Of Net Neutrality" essay for you Create order But, the more the internet grows means that more money would be made as well. To pick up preference over contenders organizations are beginning to pay Internet Service Providers for a top notch association with advantages like more data transfer capacity or a more straightforward association giving them a quick lane. The ISP demonstrations just as an entrance ramp to the web expressway. Presently, none of that is accurate. A bunch of huge companies is in charge when it comes to the internet. They have the ability to do whatever they want. The web expressway has transformed into a toll street. In the event that an independent company or a family unit cant pay the toll, they wouldnt be able to access the internet. Although many believe that the internet ought to be kept free from standards and consistent with its unhindered industrial plan, laws should be made so organizations cant pay ISPs for increasingly dependable associations, since this would make it feasible for vast organizations to have an out of line advantage over littler contenders making restraining infrastructures and in the end harming the purchaser from an absence of rivalry between organizations. We have been battling this fight for quite a long time and we have lost it. The time has come, to make the certification of aggregate internet fairness a piece of the U.S Constitution. We require a constituti onal revision to ensure everybodys entrance to this imperative open utility. Equalization should be kept on the internet and all organizations should be required to have the same internet access. Individuals may surmise this isnt imperative or doesnt relate to them yet it does and will keep on winding up progressively pertinent to the normal American. Some dont watch motion picture on the web or they dont have a mobile phone however it is relatively sure that this pattern of hoarding on the web ventures without limitations will proceed to spread this sick pattern of utilizing the internet to do regular undertakings. One of these assignments incorporates retail shopping which almost everybody does. Internet shopping is winding up progressively mainstream and consistently the business develops by around 10 percent, online deals presently make up 6.6 percent of all retail buys versus in store shopping, by 2020 online buys are anticipated to make up 10%, of the aggregate. Consistently IBM gathers information from more than 800 U.S. retail locations on Thanksgiving Day and the day after Thanksgiving utilizing a client commitment stage worth 45.6 billion. In 2014, the report from N ovember 28th states that: Thanksgiving Day mobile traffic represented 52.1 percent of all online action; mobile phones have outpaced their pc accomplices for web scrutinizing. The day after Thanksgiving convenient activity achieved 49.6 percent of all online movement an expansion of 25 percent over a year ago. The shopping extravaganza following Thanksgiving versatile deals represented 27.9 percent of aggregate online deals up, 28.2 percent more than 2013. This demonstrates it is workable for the greater part of all retail deals to be online on a normal day of the year the foundation is there and the transportation organizations can deal with the gigantic increment of requests put. The rates are considerably higher on Thanksgiving Day because many people are unable to leave their homes and families which makes it easier for the, to order online using a cellphone or computer. As web based shopping turns out to be increasingly more advantageous the measure of individuals who burn through the vast majority of their cash shopping on the web will likewise increment. Advances in the transportation business and mechanical ventures that manage how we see and cooperate with digitized objects on the web, it will increase online purchases. In the long run more cash will be spent by customers online than in stores and numerous different administrations that you pay for will likewise be changed over to web based acquiring groups, this have an effect on everyone. Internet connection in your home isnt a luxury but, it has become a necessity with more than 80 percent of Americans paying for internet access each month. Speed is the main factor when looking for an internet service. Speed is generally what individuals are searching for Internet access. There are numerous variables that decide how quick something goes from being chosen on a gadget to being loaded and showed: the speed of the gadget you are utilizing the speed of your Internet access the quality and closeness of a sites servers how well known what you are seeing is the season of day alongside a relatively incalculable rundown of different components. Since there are such a large number of variables that can influence your general speed, there are enormous media organizations that need to streamline every one of the procedures that it takes to stack content by improving manages ISPs to incorporate their administrations or acquire more straightforward utilization of their systems. Netflix is as of now making the greatest push for these profound sites ISP mixes. The explanation behind this is they utilize the most information. As stated by Sandvine Intelligent Broadband Networks, a systems administration gear organization situated in Canada with an immense arrangement of hardware with information gathering capacities around North America, Netflix keeps on being the unchallenged pioneer for activity in North America representing 31.6% of downstream movement amid pinnacle. That is a gigantic number, there are a huge number of sites, yet Netflix still expends over 30% off all downloaded information in all of North America. YouTube is next with over 18% and the rest are on the whole under 10%. This implies none of the contenders even verged on requiring the measure of information taking care of capacities of Netflix. Amazon video is the following greatest video spilling organization as far as downloaded information and they just utilize 1.61% of the Internet. Netflix simply needs to have the capacity to give a progressively dependable speed in the least expensive way that is available, and now the least expensive approach to show signs of improvement administration to their clients is with ISP incorporation. While this sounds like an innocuous plan to encourage purchasers, it is basically an enormous organization paying other huge organizations a great deal of cash to give their administration an out of line advantage over contenders. Syndications like t his have been ended up being terrible for the economy as the majority of their opposition vanishes and there is never again any need to enhance their administrations. Google is a case of an organization attempting to take care of this issue; In the mid-2000s they managed a comparative issue. Microsoft was making a great deal of cash off of their Windows and Office Suite programming and in addition different administrations. They had around a 90% piece of the overall industry of PCs sold. They previously had everybody purchasing their PCs and programming and didnt need individuals to investigate different alternatives on the web. This would one say one is reason they didnt spend the cash to build up a decent internet browser for what reason would they? At the time Google.com was turning into a gigantic site and they ended up mindful of the way that the Internet wasnt as main stream as it could be a direct result of Microsofts Internet Explorer being a trashy internet browser. They chose to make an amazing internet browser that gave individuals access to every one of the highlights they needed: Google Chrome. This extended Internet use monstrously and helped make Google the organization it is today. In 2012 Google perceived the issue with moderate avaricious ISPs and propelled Google Fiber to battle terrible esteem Internet bundles, a procedure like their Google Chrome venture. It is an Internet organize that puts out 1000 Mbps download and transfer for $70 per month (or $120 with a TV bundle). They likewise have a possibility for 5 mbps download and transfer for nothing. To place that in examination, the following best alternative on the off chance that you needed a quick association was Verizon FiOS which would give you 300 Mbps down and 100 Mbps up, this with a TV bundle would cost you $320 every month. At that point a 5 Mbps association would cost around $30-$45 every month. It was as of late discovered that Google is making cash off of Google Fiber which came as an amazement to many. Making cash isnt the fundamental motivation behind Google Fiber yet it indicated exactly how old the present Internet suppliers truly are. They charge ordinarily more per Mbps and convey paces of around half of the typical expense while Google Fiber has been accounted for to remain at, or extremely almost, 1000 Mbps. Googles principle reason with Google Fiber is to upset the Internet business and to give a genuine, un-cornered Internet alternative. Not just have they vexed the business and changed the mindset and fulfillment of clients, theyve demonstrated that giving purchasers everything they can, and at the most reduced value they can bear, really works. These issues with Internet correspondence are just the same old thing new; unhindered internet has dependably been looked for after. A few laws have even been instituted to treat and this imbalance. Open Knowledge, a site with experienced and eminent staff, in the discussion of unhindered internet clarifies its idea and advises whats been done to keep the Internet approach: Unhindered internet is the rule that Internet specialist organizations should empower access to all substance and applications similarly, paying little heed to the source, without favoring or blocking specific online administrations or sites. The guideline the organization that associates you to the Internet does not get the chance to control what you do on the Internet. Unhindered internet rules were set up by the FCC in their 2010 Open Internet Order. These principles avert Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like Verizon from blocking or victimizing certain online administrations. Web movement can be so awful now and again that it is difficult to stream video from a site. On the off chance that Netflix is excluded from these congested driving conditions the ISP is in a roundabout way blocking administrations other than Netflix. This is against the FCCs guidelines and ought to be unlawful. ISPs need to give an enduring arrangement by redesigning their systems. In the FCCs 2010 Open Internet Order, decides were likewise made that set up abnormal state rules requiring straightforwardness. Anyway there are numerous mystery bargains going ahead between organizations to either profit or show signs of improvement benefit. Apt, one of the biggest ISPs on the planet was as of late found to throttle their clients when they utilized Netflix. They did this since they didnt care for how much information Netflix clients were utilizing and requested that Netflix pay them, Netflix cannot and they backed them off on their system. The majority of this had been occurring in mystery in March, it was as of late found through a mystery archive that somebody found and transferred to a Google discussion on November 5th. This revealing of insight into this unpredictable and unlawful arrangement influenced individuals to understand this is only a glimpse of a larger problem. Organizations are unlawfully making undisclosed arrangements and contracts to endeavor to make their rivals bankrupt. It is actually unlawful yet there have been no results; the FCCs principles should be surveyed and changed to wind up increasingly strict, and the disciplines should be implemented. Conclusion The negative impacts of permitting sites and Internet Service Providers to make extraordinary arrangements giving them favorable position over contenders far exceed the bunch of constructive outcomes. It would at least give excessively capacity to organizations that have turned out to be imperative in Americans regular daily existences. A great many people require Internet, and the vast majority need to stream music and recordings on the web. These administrations should be kept cheap and accessible to anybody. To keep the enterprises break even with, the power that organizations are permitted to have should be constrained. The opposition that accompanies equity brings numerous incredible long haul progresses that would not occur on the off chance that one organization governed a whole market. Enabling organizations to make contracts to get an edge over the opposition would bring many momentary livens yet would be more awful for the business generally speaking. Web access Providers need to overhaul their system limits as opposed to constraining their clients to utilize their outdated innovation. Finish straightforwardness additionally should be built up relating to bargains that media organizations make with ISPs. Laws additionally should be upheld and the punishments for breaking them should be sufficiently satisfactory that an organization wont make illicit arrangements, in dread of the punishments that could be confronted. The Internet all in all, customers,and organizations that pursue the standards and keep on pushing new advancements will all profit by controls like these. References DOrazio, D. (2013, October 01). ATT tries to beat Google to Austin, launches fiber internet in December. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/1/4790718/att-u-verse-gigapower-broadband-austin-launch-in-december Yunk, M. (n.d.). The Roaring Tip Sheet: Cyber Monday Marketing and Beyond. Retrieved October 28, 2015, from https://www.roaringpajamas.com/cyber-monday-marketing/ Desjardins, J. (2018, April 23). How Google retains more than 90% of market share. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/how-google-retains-more-than-90-of-market-share-2018-4 FCC Releases Open Internet Order. (2018, October 07). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-releases-open-internet-order Cullen, C. (n.d.). Sandvine releases 2018 Global Internet Phenomena Report. Retrieved October 2, 2018, from https://www.sandvine.com/press-releases/sandvine-releases-2018-global-internet-phenomena-report US E-Commerce Sales as Percent of Retail Sales:. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ycharts.com/indicators/ecommerce_sales_as_percent_retail_sales Ritzo, C. (n.d.). M-Lab. Retrieved October 28, 2014, from https://www.measurementlab.net/blog/2014_interconnection_report/